SANAA, Yemen ? The heavy black beard spoke of Islamic piety, the fashionable wire-rim glasses of Western style.
Anwar al-Awlaki, American-born, a gifted Muslim preacher and savvy Internet operator, became a powerful al-Qaida tool for recruiting in the West, its English-speaking voice spreading a terrorist credo via a blog, social media posts and email exchanges.
Al-Awlaki's East-West cross-appeal was seen as a potential model for the next generation of al-Qaida leaders. But his rise to prominence also drew the attention of the CIA, and landed him on its capture-or-kill list, the first American so targeted.
On Friday, al-Awlaki was killed in the mountains of Yemen in what local officials said they believed was an American airstrike. The officials said pilotless drones had been seen circling the area in recent days.
According to American officials, the 40-year-old al-Awlaki had over the years moved from being an influential mouthpiece for al-Qaida's ideology of holy war against the United States to become an operational figure, helping recruit militants for al-Qaida's branch in Yemen, seen as the most dangerous direct threat to America.
Al-Awlaki was suspected of contacts with Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, a Nigerian accused in the failed Christmas Day 2009 attempt to bomb an airliner heading for Detroit using explosives sewn into his pants. Yemeni officials said they believed al-Awlaki and other al-Qaida leaders met with Abdulmutallab in a mountain hideout in Yemen to help plan the attack.
He was further believed to have had a hand in mail bombs addressed to Chicago-area synagogues, packages intercepted in Dubai and Europe in October 2010.
Earlier in 2010, al-Awlaki urged American Muslims to mount attacks in the U.S., telling then in a sermon, "How can your conscience allow you to live in peaceful coexistence with a nation that is responsible for the tyranny and crimes committed against your own brothers and sisters?"
"Jihad against America is binding upon myself just as it is binding upon every other able Muslim," he proclaimed.
Al-Awlaki, born in New Mexico to Yemeni parents, exchanged up to 20 emails with U.S. Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan, alleged killer of 13 people in the Nov. 5, 2009, rampage at Fort Hood. Hasan initiated the contacts, drawn by al-Awlaki's Internet sermons, and approached him for religious advice.
Al-Awlaki has said he didn't tell Hasan to carry out the shootings, but he later praised Hasan as a "hero" on his Web site for killing American soldiers who would be heading for Afghanistan or Iraq to fight Muslims.
In New York, the Pakistani-American man who pleaded guilty to the May 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt told interrogators he was "inspired" by al-Awlaki after making contact over the Internet.
In an article published in January in an English-language al-Qaida newsletter called Inspire, al-Awlaki called for targeting the "wealth of disbelievers" in non-Muslim countries ? including government-owned properties, banks and global corporations.
"In the case of the United States, both the government and private citizens should be targeted. America and Americans are the Imams of kufr (leaders of disbelief) in this day and age," he wrote.
Al-Awlaki had been in the U.S. crosshairs since his killing was approved by President Barack Obama in April 2010. At least twice, airstrikes were called in on locations where al-Awlaki was suspected to be, but he wasn't harmed. The order against an American citizen raised alarm bells among civil liberties groups.
"What the government is doing is imposing the death penalty without trial," said Jameel Jaffer, a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union, in a November 2010 hearing in Washington.
To his father, Nasser al-Awlaki, he was wrongly accused by the U.S. and was simply an "all-American boy."
Al-Awlaki was born in 1971 in New Mexico where his father was in the United States studying agriculture as a Fulbright scholar. The elder al-Awlaki returned with his family to Yemen in 1978 to serve as agriculture minister, and later as a professor at Sanaa University.
His son was back in the U.S. in 1991 to study civil engineering at Colorado State University, then education studies at San Diego State University and later doctoral work at George Washington University in Washington.
While in San Diego, he preached at a local mosque ? and at one point was arrested on charges of solicitation of prostitution. In 1999 and 2000 he was investigated by the FBI, though no criminal charges were filed against him. During that time he met two of the Sept. 11 hijackers, Khalid al-Midhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, prompting another round of FBI questioning after the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon.
The U.S. government's 9-11 Commission report says the men "respected al-Awlaki as a religious figure and developed a close relationship with him." They were aboard the plane that crashed into the Pentagon.
Al-Awlaki later became a preacher at Dar Al Hijrah Islamic Center in Falls Church, Virginia, outside Washington. Imam Johari Abdul-Malik, the center's outreach director, said al-Awlaki never exhibited signs of radicalism there.
"He had an allure. He was charming," Abdul-Malik told reporters soon after the Fort Hood shooting. "To go from that individual to the person that is projecting these words from Yemen is a shock."
"I don't think we read him wrong. I think something happened to him."
His recorded sermons were sold at Falls Church stores catering to Islamic residents, homilies that dealt with such religious subjects as the afterlife and the Prophet Muhammad.
After al-Awlaki left the U.S. in 2002, he spent time in London before returning to Yemen in 2004, with his Yemeni wife and their children, believed to number up to five. In the years that followed, his Internet sermons turned more toward politics and jihad, accusing America of waging war on Muslims and urging armed struggle against the United States.
Yemeni authorities arrested him in 2006 with a group of five Yemenis suspected of kidnapping a Shiite Muslim teenager for ransom. Al-Awlaki was accused of being the group's spiritual leader and of having decreed they had a religious right to kidnap foreigners and rich Yemenis. He was released without trial after a year in prison following the intercession of his tribe.
Soon after, he moved to the heartland of his Awalik tribe in the eastern province of Shabwa, regarded as an al-Qaida stronghold.
Canadian Muslims arrested in 2006 for allegedly forming a training camp and plotting bombing attacks in Toronto listened to al-Awlaki's online calls for jihad, prosecutors said. An al-Awlaki sermon on jihad was also among the materials ? including videos of beheadings ? found on the computers of five men convicted of plotting attacks on the Fort Dix military base in New Jersey in 2007.
In January 2009, al-Awlaki posted on his Web site a tract entitled "44 ways to defend jihad," urging Muslims around the world to support Islamic fighters by raising money or helping their families. He said those who are able should join the battle, since it "pleases Allah because it shows him that you are willing to give your life for him."
Soon after the Fort Hood attack, Yemeni authorities tried to persuade al-Awlaki to return to Sanaa, where the government could keep a closer eye on him, according to Sheik Farid, the senior Awalik chief.
The sheik said al-Awlaki fled into the mountains, fearing arrest. There he is believed to have hooked up directly with al-Qaida militants. Yemeni officials say they believe al-Awlaki attended a gathering of senior al-Qaida figures in the Shabwa mountains on Dec. 24, 2009 ? a day before the Nigerian Abdulmutallab tried to blow up the airliner near Detroit.
Before dawn, Yemeni warplanes, using U.S. intelligence help, struck their tents, but al-Awlaki and others are believed to have driven off hours earlier. The government says 30 other militants were killed.
In May 2011 ? with Yemen gripped by a violent revolt against the regime of President Ali Abdullah Saleh ? a U.S. Predator drone again targeted al-Awlaki, apparently based on information from captured al-Qaida members. But again the mission failed.
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Murphy reported from Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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